How to File a Criminal Complaint in India – Step-by-Step Guide

Introduction

Filing a criminal complaint is an important legal step when someone becomes a victim of a crime such as theft, assault, fraud, harassment, or any offense under the Indian Penal Code (IPC). Many people hesitate due to lack of awareness about the legal process.
This blog explains how to file a criminal complaint in India, what documents you need, and what to expect during the process—clearly and efficiently.

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What Is a Criminal Complaint?

A criminal complaint is a formal report made to the police or magistrate about a criminal offense. It ensures that legal action begins against the accused and the matter is investigated under criminal law.

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Where Can You File a Criminal Complaint?

You can file a complaint at:

1. Local Police Station

Go to the nearest police station where the offense occurred or where you are currently residing.

2. Online Police Portal

Many states provide online FIR/complaint registration services.

3. Magistrate Court

If the police refuse to register a complaint, you can approach a Judicial Magistrate or Metropolitan Magistrate under Section 156(3) CrPC.

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Step-by-Step Guide: How to File a Criminal Complaint

1. Visit the Nearest Police Station

Explain the incident clearly to the duty officer. You may also call 100 or your state helpline in emergency situations.

2. Provide a Written Complaint

A written complaint should include:

• Your name and address

• Date and time of incident

• Details of what happened

• Names of accused (if known)

• Names of witnesses (if any)

Attach supporting documents like photos, messages, CCTV footage, medical reports, etc.

3. Police Registers the Information

Depending on the nature of the crime:

👉 FIR (First Information Report)

Filed for serious offenses (cognizable crimes) like theft, assault, rape, cheating, etc.

👉 Non-Cognizable Report (NCR)

Filed for less serious offenses where police need court permission to investigate.

4. Get a Copy of the FIR

A FIR copy must be given free of cost. Keep it safe for future reference.

5. Police Investigation Begins

The police may collect evidence, examine witnesses, and interrogate the accused.

6. Charge Sheet Filing

After investigation, the police submit a charge sheet to the court. The court then proceeds with trial.

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What to Do If Police Refuse to Register FIR?

If the police do not register your complaint:

1. Approach Senior Police Officers

Meet the ACP/DCP or SP and submit the complaint in writing.

2. Send a Complaint by Registered Post

Send your complaint to the Superintendent of Police.

3. File a Complaint in Court

Approach the Magistrate under:

• Section 156(3) CrPC – Court can order police to register FIR

• Section 190 CrPC – Court can take cognizance of the complaint directly

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Documents Needed to File a Criminal Complaint

• ID proof (Aadhaar, PAN, etc.)

• Written complaint

• Evidence (photos, CCTV clips, emails, screenshots)

• Witness details

• Medical reports (in case of physical injury)

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Important Tips When Filing a Complaint

• Stay calm and factual

• Avoid false allegations (punishable under IPC 182)

• Keep copies of all documents

• Follow up regularly

• Seek legal advice if needed

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Why Filing a Criminal Complaint Is Important

• Ensures legal protection

• Prevents further crime

• Helps obtain justice

• Creates an official record

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Conclusion

Filing a criminal complaint may seem complex, but understanding the process makes it easier and more effective. Whether the offense is small or serious, reporting it ensures that the legal system can protect you and take necessary action.
If the police do not cooperate, the law provides multiple alternative routes to seek justice—so never hesitate to file a complaint.

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